ABSTRACT
Objective: Resistance against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is important in the sense that it has an implication in the control of tuberculosis. The terms used to describe resistance to antituberculosis drugs are resistance among new cases (or primary resistance) and resistance among previously treated patients. The resistance among previously treated patients may be due to faulty treatment like prescription of inadequate treatment regimens, interrupted availability or poor quality of drugs, or incomplete treatment adherence while subsequent transmission of these resistant organisms to others will lead to development of disease which is resistant from the beginning called primary resistance. Pakistan is ranked eighth in terms of global estimated burden of tuberculosis cases. Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) tuberculosis among new cases and MDR among previously treated patients is 3.2% and 35% respectively. Material and methods: - AFB smear examination and grading: - AFB smear examination was carried out by direct microscopy using the Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) method. Sputum smear result was examined and interpreted according to the AFB grading. AFB culture and drug susceptibility test: - Culture examinations were done on all diagnostic specimens of AFB smear positivity. Sputum specimens from each patient were processed with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) method-Modi?ed Petroff 's procedure and cultured on Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) slopes.10 All inoculated LJ drug and control media were incubated at 37ºC. All cultures were examined 48-72 hours after inoculation to detect gross contaminants. Thereafter, cultures were examined weekly, up to eight weeks on a speci?ed day of the week. Typical colonies of M. tuberculosis were rough, crumbly, waxy, non-pigmented (buff coloured) and slow-growers, i.e., only appeared two to three weeks after inoculation. The colony was con?rmed by ZN staining. Detection time for MOTT was 25 days. M. tuberculosis positive strains were culture negative when they grew on p-nitro benzoate (PNB) containing medium. Only a few colonies of non-tuberculosis Mycobacteria (NTM – often pigmented, with smooth morphology or PNB positive) were grown as visible colonies on PNB containing medium. Anti-TB drug susceptibility testing: - anti-susceptibility testing perform on pre-formed LJ media with antitubercular drugs Tuberculosis First Line Kit (Total 7 slants) Containing ?ve antitubercular agent (Isoniazid, Streptomycin, Ethambutol, Rifampicin and Pyrazinamide) 2 controls without any antimicrobial agent. Results: out of 119 samples antitubercular testing against ?rst line antitubercular drugs such as Pyrazinamide were shows 12 (10.08%) sample were resistance which accounts maximum resistance among ?rst line antitubercular another ?rst line antitubercular drugs shows resistance as follows Streptomycin (9.24%), Ethambutol (8.40%), Isoniazid (7.56%), Rifampicin (6.72%), drugs out of 119 samples in which 107 samples were susceptible to the Pyrazinamide drug in in-vitro antitubercular susceptibility testing. Antitubercular resistance against second line antitubercular drugs were shows as follows out of 119 samples antitubercular testing Ethionamide were shows 9 (8.18%) sample were resistance which accounts maximum resistance among second line antitubercular another second line antitubercular drugs shows resistance as follows Clarithromycin (6.72%), Cipro?oxacin (5.88%), D- Cycloserine (5.88%), Amikacin (5.04%), Kanamycin (4.20%), P- aminosalicylic acid ( 4.20%) and Rifabutin (3.36%) drugs out of 119 samples in which 107 samples were susceptible to the Pyrazinamide drug in in-vitro antitubercular susceptibility testing. MDR-TB emerged in patients who were resistant to Rifampicin and Isoniazide was 6 in number during this study.
ABSTRACT
Plant microbe interactions are interesting events that contribute to sustainable agriculture. The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi enjoy a mutualistic association between the roots of most plant species and serve as the most common type of biofertilizer. However, production of inoculums is one of the hindrances in the large-scale production of AM fungi. In this context, a pot experiment was performed under polyhouse conditions, to evaluate the effect of chickpea husk as substrate with jowar (Sorghum bicolor), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) as different host plant on mass multiplication of dominant AM fungi. The results revealed that AM fungal multiplication was significantly influenced by the presence of different concentrations of substrate and different type of the host plants used. Among the different hosts, sorghum showed prominent results pertaining to maximum inoculum production of G. mosseae. Spore numbers tend to increase with period of growth and increase in size of the host plants. Thus, the present study might be highly significant as it suggests an economical as well as eco-friendly species specific highly effective inoculum.